Taxes in India are levied by the Central Government and the state governments. Some minor taxes are also levied by the local authorities such as the Municipality.
The authority to levy a tax is derived from the Constitution of India which allocates the power to levy various taxes between the Centre and the State. An important restriction on this power is Article 265 of the Constitution which states that "No tax shall be levied or collected except by the authority of law."[1] Therefore each tax levied or collected has to be backed by an accompanying law, passed either by the Parliament or the State Legislature. In 2010-11, the gross tax collection amounted to 
7.92 trillion, with direct tax and indirect tax contributing 56% and 44% respectively.)
7.92 trillion, with direct tax and indirect tax contributing 56% and 44% respectively.)Constitutionally established scheme of taxation]
Article 246[3] of the Indian Constitution, distributes legislative powers including taxation, between the Parliament of India and the State Legislature. Schedule VII[4] enumerates these subject matters with the use of three lists;
- List - I entailing the areas on which only the parliament is competent to make laws,
- List - II entailing the areas on which only the state legislature can make laws, and
- List - III listing the areas on which both the Parliament and the State Legislature can make laws upon concurrently.
Separate heads of taxation are no head of taxation in the Concurrent List (Union and the States have no concurrent power of taxation).[5] The list of thirteen Union heads of taxation and the list of nineteen State heads are given below:[5]
Central government
| S. No. | Parliament of India |
|---|---|
| 1 | Taxes on income other than agricultural income (List I, Entry 82) |
| 2 | Duties of customs including export duties (List I, Entry 83) |
| 3 | Duties of excise on tobacco and other goods manufactured or produced in India except (i) alcoholic liquor for human consumption, and (ii) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics, but including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in (ii). (List I, Entry 84) |
| 4 | Corporation Tax (List I, Entry 85) |
| 5 | Taxes on capital value of assets, exclusive of agricultural land, of individuals and companies, taxes on capital of companies (List I, Entry 86) |
| 6 | Estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land (List I, Entry 87) |
| 7 | Duties in respect of succession to property other than agricultural land (List I, Entry 88) |
| 8 | Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway fares and freight (List I, Entry 89) |
| 9 | Taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets (List I, Entry 90) |
| 10 | Taxes on the sale or purchase of newspapers and on advertisements published therein (List I, Entry 92) |
| 11 | Taxes on sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce (List I, Entry 92A) |
| 12 | Taxes on the consignment of goods in the course of inter-State trade or commerce (List I, Entry 93A) |
| 13 | All residuary types of taxes not listed in any of the three lists (List I, Entry 97) |
State governments
| S. No. | State Legislature |
|---|---|
| 1 | Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance of land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues (List II, Entry 45) |
| 2 | Taxes on agricultural income (List II, Entry 46) |
| 3 | Duties in respect of succession to agricultural income (List II, Entry 47) |
| 4 | Estate Duty in respect of agricultural income (List II, Entry 48) |
| 5 | Taxes on lands and buildings (List II, Entry 49) |
| 6 | Taxes on mineral rights (List II, Entry 50) |
| 7 | Duties of excise for following goods manufactured or produced within the State (i) alcoholic liquors for human consumption, and (ii) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics (List II, Entry 51) |
| 8 | Taxes on entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale therein (see Value added tax) (List II, Entry 52) |
| 9 | Taxes on the consumption or sale of electricity (List II, Entry 53) |
| 10 | Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers (List II, Entry 54) |
| 11 | Taxes on advertisements other than advertisements published in newspapers and advertisements broadcast by radio or television (List II, Entry 55) |
| 12 | Taxes on goods and passengers carried by roads or on inland waterways (List II, Entry 56) |
| 13 | Taxes on vehicles suitable for use on roads (List II, Entry 57) |
| 14 | Taxes on animals and boats (List II, Entry 58) |
| 15 | Tolls (List II, Entry 59) |
| 16 | Taxes on profession, trades, callings and employments (List II, Entry 60) |
| 17 | Capitation taxes (List II, Entry 61) |
| 18 | Taxes on luxuries, including taxes on entertainments, amusements, betting and gambling (List II, Entry 62) |
| 19 | Stamp duty (List II, Entry 63) |
Any tax levied by the government which is not backed by law or is beyond the powers of the legislating authority may be struck down as unconstitutional.
Please show the list of central government tax and state government tax
Income Tax Department
Income Tax Department functions under the Department of Revenue in Ministry of Finance. It is responsible for administering following direct taxation acts passed by Parliament of India.[6]
- Income Tax Act
- Wealth Tax Act
- Gift Tax Act
- Expenditure Tax Act
- Interest Tax Act
- Various Finance Acts (Passed Every Year in Budget Session)
Income Tax Department is also responsible for enforcing Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements and deals with various aspects of international taxation such as Transfer Pricing. Finance Bill 2012 seeks to grant Income Tax Department powers to combat aggressive Tax avoidance by enforcing General Anti Avoidance Rules.[7]
Central Board of Direct Taxes
The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) is a part of the Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance, Government of India.[8] The CBDT provides essential inputs for policy and planning of direct taxes in India and is also responsible for administration of the direct tax laws through Income Tax Department. The CBDT is a statutory authority functioning under the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963.It is India’s official FATF unit.The Central Board of Revenue as the Department apex body charged with the administration of taxes came into existence as a result of the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1924. Initially the Board was in charge of both direct and indirect taxes. However, when the administration of taxes became too unwieldy for one Board to handle, the Board was split up into two, namely the Central Board of Direct Taxes and Central Board of Excise and Customs with effect from 1.1.1964. This bifurcation was brought about by constitution of the two Boards u/s 3 of the Central Boards of Revenue Act, 1963.
Organisational Structure of the Central Board of Direct Taxes : The CBDT is headed by CBDT Chairman and also comprises six members, all of whom are Special Secretary to Government of India.
- Member (Income Tax)
- Member (Legislation and Computerisation)
- Member (Revenue)
- Member (Personnel & Vigilance)
- Member (Investigation)
- Member (Audit & Judicial)
The CBDT Chairman and Members of CBDT are selected from Indian Revenue Service (IRS), a premier civil service of India, whose members constitute the top management of Income Tax Department.
Income Tax Act of 1961]
The major tax enactment in India is the Income Tax Act of 1961 passed by the Parliament, which imposes a tax on income of individuals and corporations.[9] This Act imposes a tax on income under the following five heads:[10]
- Income from house and property,
- Income from business and profession,
- Income from salaries,
- Income in the form of Capital gains, and
- Income from other sources
However, this Act is about to be repealed and be replaced with a new Act which consolidates the law relating to Income Tax and Wealth Tax, the new proposed legislation is called the Direct Taxes Code (to become the Direct Taxes Code, Act 2010). Act was referred to Parliamentary standing committee which has submitted its recommendations. Act is expected to be implemented with changes from the Financial Year 2013-14.[11]
Income tax rates
In terms of the Income Tax Act, 1961, a tax on income is levied on individuals,Firms, corporations and body of persons, Local authorities,Artificial Juridical persons. The rate of taxes are prescribed every year by the Parliament in the Finance Act, popularly called the Budget. In terms of the Finance Act, 2009, the rate of tax for individuals, HUF, Association of Persons (AOP) and Body of individuals (BOI) is as under;
- A surcharge of 2.50% of the total tax liability is applicable in case the Payee is a Non-Resident or a Foreign Company; where the total income exceeds Rs 10,000,000.
Note : -
Education cess is applicable @ 3 per cent on income tax, inclusive of surcharge if there is any. A marginal rel↔ief may be provided to ensure that the additional IT payable, including surcharge, on excess of income over 1,000,000 is limited to an amount by which the income is more than this mentioned amount.
1,000,000 is limited to an amount by which the income is more than this mentioned amount.Service tax
Service tax is a part of Central Excise in India.[12] It is a tax levied on services provided in India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The responsibility of collecting the tax lies with the Central Board of Excise and Customs(CBEC).
The ex-Finance Minister of India, Pranab Mukherjee in his Budget speech has indicated the government's intent of merging all taxes like Service Tax, Excise and VAT into a common Goods and Service Tax by the year 2011. To achieve this objective, the rate of Central Excise and Service Tax will be progressively altered and brought to a common rate.[citation needed] In budget presented for 2008-2009 It was announced that all Small service providers whose turnover does not exceed 1,000,000 need not pay service tax.
1,000,000 need not pay service tax.- Wealth Tax Act, which has a regular history of being passed and repealed;
- Service Tax, imposed under Finance Act, 1994, which taxes the provision of services provided by service providers within India or services imported by Indian from outside India;
- Central Excise Act, 1944, which imposes a duty of excise on goods manufactured or produced in India;
- Customs Act, 1962, which imposes duties of customs, counterveiling duties and anti-dumping duties on goods imported in India;
- Central Sales Tax, 1956, which imposes sales tax on goods sold in inter-state trade or commerce in Indisale of property situated within the State;
- Entertainment taxes
Now, Service Tax and Excise will be inclusive part of GST in due course of time.
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